Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Routing and MAC Coordination

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are distributed communication networks composed of small sensor nodes capable of sensing, processing, and transmitting data wirelessly. These networks are widely used in applications such as environmental monitoring, military surveillance, disaster management, healthcare systems, industrial automation, smart cities, and agricultural monitoring. Each sensor node generally consists of sensing components, microcontrollers, transceivers, and limited power sources. Due to their compact size and low deployment cost, WSNs have gained immense importance in both academic research and industrial applications.